![]() ![]() In between the hair follicle and the APM there are lobules which form an angular shape. More recent studies have disproved this and now explain that there can be multiple hair follicles connected to a single APM. It used to be believed that each APM was connected to an individual hair follicle. When these muscles contract, they increase the trapping of air on the surface of the skin and in turn, causes thermoregulation to the body. Īrrector pili muscles (APM) are smooth muscles which connect the basement membrane to the hair follicle. The muscle cells connected to the hair follicle have been visualized by actin immunofluorescence. The reflex is started by the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for many fight-or-flight responses. Goose bumps are created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair, known as arrector pili muscles, contract and pull the hair straight up. It occurs in many mammals a prominent example is porcupines, which raise their quills when threatened, or sea otters when they encounter sharks or other predators. The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as piloerection or the pilomotor reflex, or, more traditionally, horripilation. Its function in other apes is to raise the body's hair, and would have made human ancestors appear larger to scare off predators or to increase the amount of air trapped in the fur to make it more insulating. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered to be a vestigial reflex. Goose bumps, goosebumps or goose-pimples (also called chill bumps ) are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is tickled, cold or experiencing strong emotions such as fear, euphoria or sexual arousal. ![]() Goose-pimples, goose-skin, goose-flesh, cutis anserina, horripilation, horripilatio ![]()
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